I went through this exact same thing with my son. Struggled getting him to take a bottle before he had to start daycare, and then when he finally would take the bottle, would cry(seemed more like screaming) once finished until I gave him the breast. Then he would crash within seconds of getting the breast. My husband and I were flabbergasted as to what to do, we didn't experience this at all with our first son.
We got tons of advice such as giving him a pacifier, which he absolutely refused (seemed to make him angrier when we tried to give it to him)
Unfortunately, all we could do was "keep trying". Keep giving him the bottle, trying to calm him down afterwards. It seemed like his meltdowns after the bottle were only at night. It didn't last too long (about a week). Once he was in daycare, after a couple of weeks, the bottle was no longer an issue and he would be fine once finished. I think it's ok to give him the breast if he absolutely won't settle. Half the time I think it's becauase he know's your there, even though your husband gave him the bottle. (They can literally smell you from something like 20 feet away) I suspect once he's left with his grandparents for a few days, bottle feedings and post will no longer be an issue.
Looking back on it now I think he was used to draining the breast and then just happily sucking away. Apparently the pacifier was no substitute! (Funnily my husband concurred with him! ;-) ) He just needed some time to adjust and get used to it. I know it's not the best advice because it's terrible to listen to your little one crying so hard. But this will pass, I promise!!